Why the Self-Esteem Movement is in Decline

In the 20th century, the self-empowerment movement emerged as a cultural force, promising personal transformation, success, and happiness by cultivating confidence and self-esteem. The movement, rooted in self-esteem theories and popularized by self-help literature, captivated millions and influenced educational practices, corporate training, and personal development seminars. However, as the 21st century progresses, many ideas and methods are experiencing a downturn due to maturing perspectives on unfounded esteem theories, the inability to translate insights into actionable outcomes, and the lack of evidence for long-term efficacy.

The self-esteem movement has shaped generations, but the results have yet to live up to its promises. Individuals raised with an overemphasis on self-esteem often face challenges in resilience and competency, unrealistic expectations, a lack of real-world preparedness, and a tendency for psychological fixation (an obsessive focus on one's inner state).

While confidence is undeniably important, it is not sufficient on its own. When confidence exceeds actual abilities or knowledge, it can lead to taking on tasks beyond one's capabilities, making poorly informed decisions, and having a naive understanding of the environment in which one operates. This imbalance has led to growing criticism of the self-esteem movement and a call for a more balanced approach that integrates confidence with competence.

The Rise of the Self-Esteem Movement

The Great Depression (1929–1939) gave birth to “Think and Grow Rich," by Napoleon Hill (1937), and other positive thinking books followed "The Power of Positive Thinking" by Norman Vincent Peale (1952) and "The Magic of Thinking Big" by David J. Schwartz (1959). Then, in 1969, Nathaniel Branded published The Psychology of Self-Esteem. It explained Branden's theories of human psychology, focusing on the role of self-esteem. Most of the book was written during Branden's association with Ayn Rand (Objectivism, The Fountainhead), and it reflects some of her philosophical ideas.

During its peak in the late 20th century, the self-esteem movement also saw the 'self as god' concept manifest in several ways. This idea can be understood as an emphasis on the individual's inherent power and the ability to shape one's destiny, often elevating personal agency and autonomy to almost divine levels. While the notion of confidence as the key to success grew in popularity, a causal study about the source of confidence was rare (studies later found that competence is vital to confidence, but we’ll get there). Self-esteem and the self-empowerment movement gained momentum through several popular programs and initiatives emphasizing the importance of self-belief and confidence.

Prominent among these programs and initiatives were:

1. The Self-Esteem Movement in Education: In the 1980s and 1990s, many schools in the United States adopted programs to boost students' self-esteem, driven by the belief that a positive self-image would enhance academic performance and overall well-being. However, research revealed that boosting self-esteem without simultaneously improving actual competence could lead to inflated self-perceptions and unchecked entitlement. Consequently, many educators now advocate for balanced approaches that emphasize both self-esteem and skill development.
2. EST (Erhard Seminars Training): Established by Werner Erhard in 1971, EST was a pioneering self-improvement seminar emphasizing personal transformation and accountability. Participants underwent intense sessions designed to break through psychological barriers and foster a sense of empowerment. Despite attracting thousands of participants and launching dozens of self-help spinoffs (and the coaching industry), EST initially faced criticism for its confrontational style and intense methods. Eventually, EST was rebranded as Landmark Worldwide and continues to influence proponents, but it struggles to overcome its exploitative identity.
3. Tony Robbins' Seminars: Tony Robbins, a charismatic motivational speaker, has conducted numerous seminars and workshops on personal development, financial success, and emotional well-being. While Robbins remains influential, growing skepticism about the long-term efficacy of such programs has emerged. Critics argue that the high costs and reliance on excitement and emotional hype can overshadow sustainable personal or professional growth.
4. The Secret and the Law of Attraction: Rhonda Byrne's book The Secret, published in 2006, popularized the Law of Attraction, which suggests that positive thinking can attract positive outcomes. However, critics have pointed out the lack of scientific evidence supporting the claims. Critics argue that the movement's emphasis on positive thinking without action potentially leads to unrealistic expectations and ignores systemic causes.

Mark Manson, one of the book's harshest critics, wrote “The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck,” a reaction to the self-help industry and what Manson saw as a culture of mindless positivity that is not practical or helpful for most people.

Critics argue that the movement's emphasis on positive thinking without action leads to unrealistic expectations and magical thinking.

The Downtrend of Self-Esteem Programs

The self-esteem movement has often encountered pushback from individuals with more analytical, objective, and pragmatic personalities; these approaches are not always relevant to a broader range of philosophical worldviews. They argue that the movement's emphasis on positivity and self-esteem without a foundation in measurable competence and real-world skills can lead to ignoring objective realities. In my experience working with thousands worldwide, this is overwhelmingly true. Those who continue to focus on self-esteem often attempt to solve their mounting problems with more positive thinking, which ultimately worsens the situation by fostering excessive self-focus.

Several factors have contributed to the downtrend of unfounded self-empowerment programs and the self-esteem movement altogether:

1. Critical Research and Evidence:

• Lack of Long-Term Benefits: Studies have shown that some self-empowerment programs do not provide lasting benefits. Self-esteem programs that do not also focus on competence and skills can lead to inflated self-perceptions without actual improvement.
• Psychological Risks: Overemphasis on positivity and self-belief can sometimes ignore the importance of resilience, facing challenges, and acknowledging failures. This has led to criticisms that some self-empowerment programs may foster unrealistic expectations and a lack of preparedness for real-world difficulties.

2. Commercialization and Overhype:

• Excessive Costs: High costs associated with some programs, like expensive seminars and courses, have led to criticism that they exploit participants rather than genuinely help them.
• Skepticism of Motivational Hype: The rise of skepticism towards programs that rely heavily on emotional hype and breakthrough gratification has caused some individuals to seek more grounded, pragmatic, and evidence-based approaches. The superficiality of some self-empowerment initiatives has contributed to their decline.

3. Shift Towards Holistic and Balanced Approaches:

• Integration with Competence: Modern initiatives increasingly emphasize a balanced approach integrating confidence with competence, emotional intelligence, and practical skills. This shift reflects a growing recognition that true self-empowerment requires more than just positive thinking.
• Focus on Mental Health: There is a growing emphasis on comprehensive mental health support, which addresses underlying issues rather than just promoting positive thinking. Programs incorporating cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), resilience training, and emotional regulation are becoming more popular.

Competence Breeds Confidence

The self-esteem movement marketed confidence to generations as a quick fix, something you can "fake it till you make it" (acting as if you have the confidence or skills you desire until you actually develop them) or “Be Do Have” (the personal development concept that by focusing on who you need to BE first, the theory is that Doing and Having will follow naturally).

Studies show that competence—achieved through study, practice, and application—plays a significant role in building genuine confidence and several other valuable assets. By actively practicing, you build the necessary skills and experience, which leads to genuine confidence.

The following points and sources can be referenced:

Rarity of Early Causal Studies: During the height of the self-esteem movement, more rigorous causal studies needed to be conducted explicitly examining the sources of confidence, with much of the focus on the assumed benefits of high self-esteem

• Source: Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?

Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory: Albert Bandura's research on self-efficacy demonstrated that competence and mastery experiences are key sources of self-efficacy (a form of confidence). His work provided a theoretical framework showing that individuals' belief in their abilities (self-efficacy) stems from their experiences of success and competence.

• Source: Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W.H. Freeman.

Research on Skill Acquisition and Confidence: Later studies confirmed that competence, or mastery of skills, is a significant predictor of confidence. This relationship has been documented in various domains, including education, sports, and professional development.

• Source: Feltz, D. L., & Lirgg, C. D. (2001). Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Athletes, Teams, and Coaches. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (pp. 340-361). John Wiley & Sons.
• Source: Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Self-Efficacy: An Essential Motive to Learn. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 82-91.

Current Trends and Future Directions

While some traditional self-empowerment programs are down-trending, more promising approaches are emerging. These focus on evidence-based practices, integrating psychological well-being with practical skills, and fostering competence and adaptability in a rapidly changing world. Examples include:

Positive Psychology:

This field focuses on the scientific study of what makes life worth living, emphasizing strengths, resilience, and well-being. Positive psychology interventions aim to cultivate positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (often summarized as PERMA). Unlike earlier self-esteem movements, positive psychology is rooted in rigorous research and offers practical tools for enhancing life satisfaction and performance.

Growth Mindset:

Promoted by psychologist Carol Dweck, the growth mindset encourages the belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through study, practice, and learning. This approach contrasts with a fixed mindset, which views abilities as more static. Growth mindset interventions have been shown to improve academic achievement, motivation, and resilience, making them popular in education and beyond.

Comprehensive Wellness Programs:

These programs integrate physical, mental, and emotional health, emphasizing a balanced and sustainable personal and professional growth approach. Examples include wellness retreats, corporate wellness programs, and community-based initiatives offering services from fitness and nutrition to mindfulness and emotional support.

Professional Upskilling:

With the rapid advancement of technology and AI, there is a pressing focus on professional upskilling, particularly in career-making soft skills like communication, leadership, empathy, strategic thinking, and entrepreneurship. These skills are crucial for navigating modern workplaces and leading effectively in diverse, tech-driven environments. Upskilling initiatives, including workshops, online courses, and corporate training, enhance these competencies and ensure individuals remain competitive and adaptable in their careers. For the modern-day solopreneur, entrepreneur, or ambitious professional, there is a significant resurgence in developing practical "how-to" and “soft skills.”

Conclusion

While self-esteem and confidence are undoubtedly essential and beneficial, they are not standalone or quick-fix solutions for achieving personal success and fulfillment. These qualities do matter; they can motivate individuals, enhance social interactions, and contribute to overall well-being. However, true and lasting confidence is most effectively built on a foundation of competence. Studies show that the mastery of skills, knowledge, and tangible accomplishments breeds genuine confidence, creating a more resilient and capable individual. As we move forward, integrating the development of competence with the cultivation of self-esteem and confidence will be crucial for realizing the full potential of personal and professional development.

AUTHOR

John Patterson
Co-founder and CEO
INFLUENTIAL U
John Patterson steers the ship at Influential U, boldly challenging the traditional, often myopic views of success in our hyper-individualistic era. He isn't afraid to poke fun at the archaic obsession with attributing every win or loss to single actors, calling out the industry’s penchant for oversimplified 'transactional' comprehension. Leading a crack team dedicated to innovating businesses and business ecosystems, John is all about integrating the personal with the whole system—because, let’s face it, no one wins alone.